Before the twentieth century, the interiors had made considerably simpler demands on designers in terms of functionality. The technologies and processes of each activity and profession were less categorized and specialized.
Around the turn of the century, countless elaborations of procedure - in hospital and laboratory spaces for the practice of medicine, in courts and prisons for the practice of law, in department stores for retail trade, and in offices for corporate administration - brought greater and greater needs for more specific and knowledgeable planning and provision of interior equipment. Throughout the twentieth century the practice of interior design has itself witnessed a steady development of specialization.
It is important to emphasize that interior design is a specialized branch of architecture. The best buildings and the best interiors are those in which there is no obvious disparity between the many elements that make up the totality. Indeed, there are many examples of distinguished buildings and interiors that were created and coordinated one guided hand.
A strong and unusual piece of architecture such as New York City's Trans World Airlines terminal (at John F. Kennedy International Airport) could not be properly furnished with standard commercial furniture and products. The buildings, as well as the interiors, was conceived as a total design by architect Eero Saarinen.
While the architect usually concerns himself with the overall design of buildings, the interior designer is concerned with the more intimately scaled of design, the specific aesthetic, functional, and psychological questions involved, and the individual character of spaces.
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INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE